深圳市表层土壤多环芳烃污染及空间分异研究

以深圳为研究区域,选择土壤为研究对象,以多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)为目标物,采集表层土壤样品188个,调查样品中PAHs的赋存状态,以此为基础,分析土壤PAHs污染水平与城市化进程的关系,并初步评估深圳土壤中PAHs的生态风险.结果表明,表层土壤中的28种PAHs(Σ28PAHs)、16种美国环保署优控PAHs(Σ16PAHs)和7种致癌PAHs(Σ7CarPAHs)的含量范围分别为5~7 939 ng·g-1、2~6 745 ng·g-1和未检出~3 786 ng·g-1.8种土地利用类型中Σ16PAHs平均含量由高到低依次为:交通用地、商业用地、工业用地、农业用地、居住用地、城市绿地、果园和林地.来源分析表明,化石燃料的燃烧是建设用地和非建设用地样品Σ16PAHs的主要来源,贡献率分别为75.1%和68.2%.研究还发现高分子量PAHs浓度和城市化水平呈显著正相关关系,深圳市土壤中PAHs生态风险总体处于较低水平.     

典型再生水人工湿地净化系统水质时空变异研究——以北京市奥林匹克森林公园人工湿地为例

选取奥林匹克森林公园人工湿地作为典型再生水补水人工湿地净化系统进行水质数据检测,应用模糊综合评价法综合评估各净化单元的水体污染状况,采用综合判别分析和Spearman相关分析阐释影响各净化单元时空变异的水环境要素,并通过因子分析识别不同时间段污染源的种类和组成.结果表明,奥林匹克森林公园人工湿地净化系统水质状况较好,符合人体非直接接触的景观用水国家标准.人工湿地各净化单元时空区间污染程度不同:季节尺度上,秋季污染更为严重;空间尺度上,主湖区、混合氧化塘区污染最为严重.CODMn、NO-3-N、ORP、TN 4项指标即可完全表征水质的季节差异(91.8%),应适当加大监测力度;Chl-a、CODMn、DO、pH 4项指标用于表征空间差异(55.1%),较低的判别正确率暗示了各功能区间类似的污染状况.不同时空区间污染源种类和组成存在差异性:水体的内源杂质是各季度影响水质的主要因子,春季有机污染最为严重,夏季则转为氮、磷等营养物质污染,秋季水体则更易受富营养化的威胁;再生水区水体污染的主要影响因子为氮、磷等营养盐类,其余功能区水体主要影响因子仍为内源杂质.增强水体流通力,缩短水力停留时间,能够有效减弱富营养盐类和有机污染物的影响.     

土壤中四环素类抗生素降解及对小白菜根系生长发育的影响

采用土培试验,分析了小白菜(Brassica campestris L.)的发芽率、生物量和根长指标对3种抗生素胁迫的敏感性,比较了不同土壤中四环素类抗生素污染对小白菜根长生长的影响,并研究了四环素类抗生素在不同土壤中的降解特性.结果表明,小白菜对3种抗生素的敏感性为根长发芽率生物量.抗生素处理土壤30 d时,4种土壤中小白菜根长对3种抗生素胁迫的敏感性均为砖红壤红壤青紫泥黑土;同种抗生素在4种土壤中的降解率为黑土青紫泥红壤砖红壤,同种土壤中3种抗生素的降解率为土霉素金霉素四环素.相关性分析发现,土壤中四环素类抗生素的含量与土壤有机质、氮磷钾含量和阳离子交换量呈显著负相关.     

改性生物炭负载纳米零价铁去除水体中头孢噻肟

抗生素对环境的危害已经引起了人们的广泛重视.本实验以改性生物炭(MB)为载体制备了负载纳米零价铁的功能生物炭(Fe/MB).以头孢噻肟(CFX)为目标抗生素,研究了该材料对头孢噻肟的降解特性及影响因素,并探讨了去除机理.实验结果表明,50 min内头孢噻肟的去除率为92%(Fe/MB用量为0.4 g·L~(-1),溶液p H=5.0,头孢噻肟浓度为20 mg·L~(-1),振荡速率为200 r·min~(-1),柠檬酸浓度为1.47 mmol·L~(-1)).头孢噻肟的去除过程存在改性生物炭的吸附和纳米零价铁还原降解的协同作用,数据符合伪二级反应动力学方程(R20.99).采用紫外可见光谱结合质谱分析了降解产物的结构并提出头孢噻肟的降解途径.     

Use of recycled fine aggregate in concretes with durable requirements

The use of construction waste materials as aggregates for concrete production is highly attractive compared to the use of non-renewable natural resources, promoting environmental protection and allowing the development of a new raw material. Several countries have recommendations for the use of recycled coarse aggregate in structural concrete, whereas the use of the fine fraction is limited because it may produce significant changes in some properties of concrete. However, during the last decade the use of recycled fine aggregates (RFA) has achieved a great international interest, mainly because of economic implications related to the shortage of natural sands suitable for the production of concrete, besides to allow an integral use of this type of waste. In this study, the durable behaviour of structural concretes made with different percentage of RFA (0%, 20%, and 30%) is evaluated. Different properties related to the durability of concretes such as absorption, sorptivity, water penetration under pressure, and carbonation are determined. In addition, the results of compressive strength, static modulus of elasticity and drying shrinkage are presented. The obtained results indicate that the recycled concretes have a suitable resistant and durable behaviour, according to the limits indicated by different international codes for structural concrete.     

Short-term seasonal variability in Be wet deposition in a semiarid ecosystem of central Argentina

The ⁷Be wet deposition has been intensively investigated in a semiarid region at San Luis Province, Argentina. From November 2006 to May 2008, the ⁷Be content in rainwater was determined in 58 individual rain events, randomly comprising more than 50% of all individual precipitations at the sampling period. ⁷Be activity concentration in rainwater ranged from 0.7 ± 0.3 Bq l⁻¹ to 3.2 ± 0.7 Bq l⁻¹, with a mean value of 1.7 Bq l⁻¹ (sd = 0.53 Bq l⁻¹). No relationship was found between ⁷Be content in rainwater and (a) rainfall amount, (b) precipitation intensity and (c) elapsed time between events. ⁷Be ground deposition was found to be well correlated with rainfall amount (R = 0.92). For the precipitation events considered, the ⁷Be depositional fluxes ranged from 1.1 to 120 Bq m⁻², with a mean value of 32.7 Bq m⁻² (sd = 29.9 Bq m⁻²). The annual depositional flux was estimated at 1140 ± 120 Bq m⁻² y⁻¹. Assuming the same monthly deposition pattern and that the ⁷Be content in soil decreases only through radioactive decay, the seasonal variation of ⁷Be areal activity density in soil was estimated. Results of this investigation may contribute to a valuable characterization of ⁷Be input in the explored semiarid ecosystem and its potential use as tracer of environmental processes.     

三元复合驱采出水中悬浮固体的控制方法

采用向三元复合驱采出水中加入水质稳定剂的方法有效降低采出水中悬浮固体的质量浓度。实验结果表明,将100 g采出水依次经滤纸和孔径为0.45μm的醋酸纤维素膜过滤后,加入1.0 g WSBL-3型水质稳定剂,混合均匀后置于80℃的水浴中静置4 h,取出后再置于40℃的水浴中静置5 min,由此可将采出水中的悬浮固体质量浓度由107 mg/L降至2 mg/L。     

激发剂作用下的盐石膏废渣的水化过程

运用Kondo模型,研究了在激发剂硫酸钠作用下盐石膏废渣的水化过程.盐石膏废渣的水化过程分为3个阶段,第1、第3阶段受扩散作用控制;第2阶段受相边界反应控制.分别研究了激发剂溶液浓度和温度对相边界反应阶段水化速率的影响,结果表明,在0—0.60 mol.L-1范围内,增大激发剂溶液浓度可使水化速率常数k增大,在12℃≤...     

气象因子对臭氧的影响及其在空气质量预报中的应用

为提高重庆市臭氧(O_3)预报准确率,利用2013—2015年5—10月O_3监测数据和气象数据,通过主成分分析、逐步回归分析等方法,确定了影响重庆O_3浓度的主要气象因素为最高温度、温差、太阳辐射、降水量、相对湿度、水气压和压差;通过基于O_3污染水平相似的主要气象控制因子筛选和最优组合的预报结果优化方法,提高了O_3预报准确率,使2016年5—8月O_3的AQI类别预报准确率由57.7%增至72.4%,O_3超标的预报准确率由38%增至46%。     

Cleaning painted surfaces: evaluation of leaching phenomenon induced by solvents applied for the removal of gel residues

Cleaning is one of the most important, delicate, and at the same time controversial processes in the conservation treatment of paintings. Although a strict definition of cleaning would be the removal of dirt, grime, or other accretions (surface cleaning), in the conservation field, cleaning is used in the broader meaning to include thinning/removing altered or “unwanted layers” of materials without damaging or altering the physicochemical properties of the surfaces to be preserved. The cleaning of unvarnished paintings is one of the most critical issues that are currently discussed. Several studies exist regarding different cleaning tools, such as gels, soaps, enzymes, ionic liquids, and foams, as well as various dry methods and lasers, but only a few have been performed on the risk associated with the use of water and organic solvents for the cleaning treatments in relation to the original paint binder. The aim of the study is to verify analytically the behavior of water gelling agents during cleaning treatments and the interaction of the following elements: water or organic solvents applied for the removal of gel residues with the original lipid paint binder. For this purpose, the study was conducted on a fragment of canvas painting (sixteenth to seventeenth century) of Soprintendenza per i Beni Storici, Artistici ed Etnoantropologici del Friuli Venezia Giulia (Superintendence for the Historical, Artistic and Ethno-anthropological Heritage of Friuli Venezia Giulia), Udine by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and scanning electron microscopy.